COMM 364 Broadcast and Cable Management

Reading Assignment: Chapter 7

Lecture Structure:

        Part 1. The Role of Broadcast Regulations

      Part 2. Other Regulatory Agencies

      Part 3. Programming Policies

      Part 4. Case Studies

Key Terms: The Communication Act, The Radio Act, FCC, FRC, FTC, NTIA, OTA, Obscene and indecent 

programming, lotteries and deceptive advertising, FCC' Enforcement of Power OTA, 12-12-12 Rule, Equal Time 

Provision, Section 315 PTAR, Clipping, Piggybag Billing, Fairness Doctrine, and Minimum Operating Schedule.

FCC' Powers of Enforcement

    1. Simple letters (warning) 

   2. Cease-and-desist order 

    3. Forfeitures (fine) 

    4. Short-term Renewals 

    5. Renewal Denials and Revocation

The Top of the Week

Putting partisan differences aside, Congress last week passed legislation It hopes will spur competition in 

broadcasting, cable and telephony and benefit the public by producing lower prices, new jobs and innovative 

services. Among its principal provisions:

Broadcast IV Ownership 

Eliminates 12-station numercial cap on station ownership, raises coverage limit from 25% of nation's TV homes to 

35%. Requires FCC to consider relaxing "duopoly rule," which limits each broadcaster to one TV station per 

market. Grandfathers existing local marketing agreements between stations and allows future ones consistent with 

FCC rules. Extends FCC's liberal waiver policy regarding rule barring common ownership of TV and radio stations 

in a market-the one-to-a-market rule--to proposed combinations in the top 50 markets. Permits common ownership 

of broadcast networks and cable systems. Repeals law barring common ownership of TV stations and cable 

systems in a market, but keeps in place parallel FCC rule. Relaxes rule barring ownership of two broadcast 

networks. (A network could start a new network, but couldn't acquire another existing one.)

Radio Ownership

Eliminates national ownership limits. Relaxes local ownership caps. The larger the market, the more stations one

company may own within it. In markets with 45 or more commercial radio stations, a broadcaster may own eight 

stations, but no more than five of a kind (AM or FM). In markets with 30-44 stations, seven total, four of a kind. 

With 15-29 stations, six total,  four of a kind. With 14 or fewer stations, five total, three of a kind (but no more than 

half the stations in the market).

Broadcast Licensing

Extends license terms for television and radio stations to eight years from the current five and seven, respectively. 

Streamlines renewal process. Barring a "serious" violation or "pattern of abuse" of FCC rules, broadcasters may 

assume their license will be renewed. FCC may not even consider a competing application unless it first decides 

against renewal.

Must Carry
Requires FCC to act on a must-carry complaint within 120 days after it is filed. Also clarifies that for the purpose of 

must carry, markets are defined by Nielsen's Designated market Area map.

V-chip

Requires every TV set sold in the U.S. to come with the ability to block programming based on an electronically 

encoded rating. In addition, the industry must develop a ratings system for "violence, sex and other indecent 

materials and to agree voluntarily to broadcast signals containing such ratings."

If the industry fails to comply within one year, directs FCC to develop a ratings system based on the 

recommendations of an advisory board "that is fairly balanced politically." Does not require the industry to 

implement the ratings system. However: "Once a program is rated, the broadcasters must transmit the signal 

of the rating"

Cable Rate Deregulation 
Deregulates extended basic tier (MTV, Lifetime, ESPN, etc.) rates of large systems in three years. Deregulates 

rates of small systems-those with fewer than 50,000 subscribers and unaffiliated with companies with annual 

revenue of more than $250 million-upon enactment. Also deregulates rates of any system that becomes 

subject to effective competition from a telephone company providing comparable service "by any means" 

except direct broadcast satellite.

Telephone and Cable Buyouts

Bars telephone companies from buying cable systems, or vice versa, except in non-urban areas with fewer 

than 35,000 people and under other limited circumstances. Prohibition does not apply if ownership stake is less 

than 10%.

Telephone Entry into Cable
Repeals statutory ban against telcos' providing video programming in their own service areas. Telcos may 

choose to be regulated as cable system, common carrier or newly created "open video system." As an 

operator of open video system, a telco must make channel capacity available to unaffiliated programmers 

without discrimination. If demand exceeds capacity, it may not select programmers for more than a third of 

capacity. Open video systems must comply with same network non-duplication, syndicated exclusivity, 

must-carry and retransmission consent rules that cable systems do. However, they are not subject to 

other federal cable regulations and need not obtain local franchise.

Cable Entry into Telephony
Preempts state and local regulations barring cable operators and others from providing local telephone 

services. Requires local telcos to negotiate with new telephone entrants for interconnection, number 

portability, dialing parity, access to rights-of-way and reciprocal compensation.

Obscenity and Indecency 

Increases fine for broadcast or cable obscenity from $10,000 to $100,000. Requires cable to scramble any 

program a subscriber deems unsuitable for children. Gives cable operators right to refuse public and 

leased-access programs that they consider obscene or indecent.

POWERS OF THE FCC (See. 303 of the Communications Act of 1934)

1. Regulation of all broadcast services. 

    - Approval of applications for construction permits and licenses for these services 

    - Assignment of frequencies 

    - Establishment of operating power 

    - Designation of call signs 

    - inspection and regulation of the use of transmitting equipment.
2. Evaluation of station's performance in meeting the requirement that they operate in  the public interest, 

    convenience, and necessity.
3. Issuance of licenses.
4. Review of station performance to assure that promises made when a license is issued have been carried out.
5. Approval of changes in ownership and major technical alternations.
6. Supervision of the Emergency Broadcast System (EBS).
7. The promoting of safety of life and property through radio, and the use of radio and  television facilities to 

    strengthen national defense.
8. Regulation of cable-tv.
9. Responsibility for domestic administration of the telecommunications provisions of treaties and international 

    agreements.
10. Consultation with other Government agencies and departments on national and international matters involving 

       wire and radio communications.

WHAT THE FCC DOES NOT CONTROL?

1. FCC has very little control over the content of broadcasts.
2. FCC can't tell a station when to air a program.
3. FCC does not have any jurisdiction over countries whose radio or television signals cross into the U.S.
4. FCC has no jurisdiction over news gathering organizations.
5. FCC has no jurisdiction over music-rights organizations.
6. FCC has no jurisdiction over audience-measurement. organizations.
7. FCC has no authority to tell a station to broadcast in color or black & white.
8. FCC does not have the specific authority to tell a station too air how many commercials per hour.
9. FCC does not directly control the networks.

FCC'S ENFORCEMENT OF POWER

1. Letters
2. Cease-and-desist orders
3. Forfeitures
4. Short-term renewals
5. Renewal denials and revocation

RULES AND REGULATIONS

- Sec, 315: Fairness Doctrine

First issued in 1949, the Fairness Doctrine concerns itself with assuring the fair treatment of controversial issues of 

public importance. Its current status is an outgrowth of both court and FCC inquiries dating back to the famous 

Mayflower decision (1941) and the second Mayflower decision (1949). FCC reexamined the Doctrine in 1964, 1974 

and 1976.

- Sec. 315: Equal Time Opportunities (Access for Legally Qualified Candidates)

If any licensee shall permit any person who is a legally qualified candidate for any public office to use a 

broadcasting station, he shall afford equal opportunities to all other such candidates for that office in the use of 

such broadcasting station.

- Sec. 73.1930: Political Editorials

Where a licensee, in an editorial, endorses or opposes a legally qualified candidate or candidates, the licensee 

shall, within 24 hours after the editorial, transmit to respectively the other qualified candidate or candidates for the 

same office or the candidate opposed in the editorial: a script or tape of the editorial and an offer of a reasonable 

opportunity for the candidate or a spokesman of the candidate to respond over the licensee's facilities.

- Sec. 73.1920: Personal Attack Rule

When, during the presentation of views on controversial issues of public importance, an attack is made upon the 

honesty, integrity, character or like personal qualities of an identified person or group, the licensee shall, within a 

reasonable time and in no event later than one week after the attack, transmit to the person ' or group attacked: 

(1) Notification of the date, time and identification of the broadcast; (2) A script or tape (or an accurate summary if 

a script or tape is not available) of the attack, and (3) An offer of reasonable opportunity to respond over the 

licensee's facilities.

These provisions shall not apply to broadcast materials within one or more of the following categories: 

(1) Personal attacks on foreign groups or foreign public figures; (2) Personal attacks occurring during uses by 

legally qualified candidates, their authorized spokesmen, or those associated with them in the campaign; 

(3) Bona fide newscasts, bona fide news interviews, and on-the-spot coverage of bona fide news events, 

including commentary or an analysis contained in the foregoing programs.

- Sec. 315: Censorship

The station's requirement of an advance script is not censorship as prohibited by the Communication Act. Sec. 

315 does not prohibit a*station from censoring statements made by non-candidate(s).

- FCC Radio Deregulation

FCC issued a Report and Order on Deregulation of Radio in 1981.
a. Previously, radio stations were required to devote specified percentages of    their time to news and public 

     affairs programming. under deregulation, they are required only to devote a reasonable amount of time to 

     public issues.
b. Previously both radio and television stations were required to comply with elaborate polling procedures 

    designed to identify controversial issues of public importance. 

c. Under the old rules, radio stations were limited to 18 minutes of commercials in any hours; television stations to 

    16. Those limit have been removed.
d. Previously, broadcasters were required to keep, and place in their public file, detailed logs showing, minutes 

     by minutes, what was put on the air. 

 This provision was abolished for commercial radio in 1981.

- Decisions on the "Invasion of Privacy"

a. One who becomes involved in the news must pay the price of such publicity by being subjected to news 

     reports concerning his private life (1946 Decision).
b. Where one, willing or not, becomes an actor in an occupance of public and general interest, it is not an 

    invasion of his privacy(1955 Decision).
c. Rights of privacy are lost when a news worthy event is contemporary news (1956 Decision).

- The Privacy Protection Act (1981)

"Documentary materials' may be legally subpoenaed by law enforcement officials if they relate directly to the 

commission of a crime or if the material would prevent death of bodily injury. Failure of news personnel to produce 

"documentary materials" could result in the issuance of search warrants by 0 the courts.

- Sec. 73.1201: Station Identification

Broadcast station identification announcements shall be made: (1) at the beginning and ending of each time of 

operation, and (2) hourly, as close to the hours as feasible, "at a natural break" in program offerings.

- Sec. 55 (the Title of the U.S. Code Authorizing the Federal

Trade Commission): False Advertising The term "false advertising" means an advertisement which is misleading 

in a material respect; in determining whether any advertisement is misleading, there shall be taken into*account 

not only representations made by statement, word, design, device, sound or any combination thereof, but also the 

extent to which the advertisement fails to reveal facts material with respect to consequences which may result 

under the conditions prescribed in said advertisement, or under conditions as are customary.

- Sec. 73.1740: Minimum Operating Schedule

All commercial broadcast stations are required to operate not less than the following minimum hours: (1) AM and 

FM stations: Two thirds of the total hours they are authorized to operate between 6 a.m. and 6 p.m. local time and 

two thirds of the total hours they are authorized to operate between 6 p.m. and midnight, local time, each day of 

the week except Sunday.

- Sec. 1464: Obscene Language

Whoever utters any obscene, indecent, or profane language by means of radio communication shall be fined 

not more than $10,000 or imprisoned not more than two years, or both.

- Sec. 73.658 Affiliation Agreements

No license shall be granted to a television broadcast station having any contract, arrangement, or understanding, 

expressed or implied, with a network organization under which the station is prevented or hindered from, or 

penalized for: (a) broadcasting the programs of any other network organization; (b) (preventing) another broadcast 

station located in the same community from broadcasting the network's programs not taken by the former station.

- 1984 U.S. Supreme Court Decision: Legality of Home Video Recording (Universal City Studios v. Sony Corp. 

   of America)

The Supreme Court ruled that the home use of video recorders 0 for noncommercial recording of copyrighted 

material falls within the "fair use" exceptions to the copyright law. (The copyright law directs that "fair use" shall be 

determined by such factors as whether materials is of a commercial nature or for nonprofit educational purposes; 

whether materials are copied in part or in whole; the effect of the use on the potential market of the copyrighted 

work.)

Fairness Doctrine (Sec. 315 of the Communication Act)

The Fairness Doctrine concerns itself with assuring the fair treatment of controversial issues of public importance.

1939    Mayflower Broadcasting Co. vs. WAAB of Boston (owned by John Shepard II).

1941    The Famous Mayflower Decision: FCC ruled that "A broadcaster can not be an advocate" (This decision 

             in effect banned the expression of editorial opinion by broadcaster).

1948    The Second Mayflower Decision (or known as "The 1948 Revised Mayflower Opinion."

              FCC reversed its stand, stating that "A licensee (station owner) has the right to editorialize, but only if he or 

             she follows the principles of balance and fairness in providing time for discussions of controversial issues."

             "The presentation of editorial opinion by a licensee of his (or her) employee over facilities of his (or her) 

             station should be fair."

1950    FCC issued "Seekout opposition Rule."

             "The station has a duty to seek out opposing points of views and encourage opposing views, if a station 

             editorialize controversial issues.11

1959    FCC eliminated the requirement of "Seekout opposition Rule."

             FCC ruled that "a station makes an effort to provide reasonable pportunity whenever a station expresses 

             its opinion.

1987    FCC repealed the Fairness Doctrine. However, many stations continue to adhere to the basic "Fairness" 

             concepts as a matter of station policy.

FCC Rules and Regulations (Com 364)

1. Your newscaster has become a legally qualified candidate for the U.S. Senate.  You inform her that she will 

    have to reassigned to a position that doesn't require her being on the air since every time she appears it would 

    trigger the equal time provisions of section 315. She argues that since her job consists of being a part of a bona 

    fide newscast, she should be exempt from section 315's provisions? Is she right?

2. Your station donates time to a candidate so that the candidate can show a five-minute videotaped "personal 

    history." The candidate's opponent demands equal time under section 315 and you reply that you would be 

    happy to donate five minutes of comparable time so that this candidate might also show a personal history tape. 

    The candidate replies, "I don't want to show a stupid tape. I want to give a five-minute speech." Must you grant 

    the five minutes for speechmaking?

3. You are the manager of Block Buster Video store. Increased competition has hurt your business and you are 

    looking for ways to increase revenue. Your assistant manager comes up with an idea. How about taking all of 

    the currently unused storage space on the second floor of you shop and turning it into a number of small, private 

    viewing rooms? Families who don't own VCRs can then come to your store and rent a tape, a recorder, and a 

    viewing room for less money than it would cost to go to the theater. The assistant manager even suggests you 

    sell soft drinks and popcorn. What do you think? Is there a copyright problem involved?

4. Block Buster Video is still facing bad financial times. Once again your assistant manager comes up with a 

     brilliant idea. You have two or three VCRs sitting around idle at any one time. How about taping all the local 

     newscasts and starting a TV Newsclip Service, just like companies that do the same thing using newspapers? 

     Individuals or firms that want to see how they are portrayed on the news would pay you a fee and you would 

     send them copies that you taped off the air. Is there a problem with this new scheme?

5. Let's assume State of Illinois has prohibited the advertising of all lotteries. Sam Leman, a local automobile 

    dealer, wants you radio station to carry an ad touting Sam Leman's big spring promotion. Anybody who buys 

    a car during April and May is invited to put a copy of his or her bill of sale in a big urn; come June 1 Sam 

    Leman himself will draw a winner, who will receive $500 worth of free gas. Should you carry the ad?

6. Buck's Bait Shop is sponsoring a bass-fishing tournament at a private lake. The lake has been newly stocked 

    with 200 bass, each sporting a little metal tag with a dollar amount printed on it. Amounts range from $1 to $500. 

    Aspiring fishing-experts can go to Buck's shop, pay a $15 entry fee, and get a one-day admission ticket to the 

    lake. Each contestant who catches one or more fish is entitled to the cash amount printed on the tags. Buck 

    wants you to advertise this little venture. Should you?

7. During your six-o'clock newscast one of your anchors reads a story about a woman who had just opened a 

    new auto repair shop. Unfortunately, your anchor misreads the script and instead of saying, "the 32-year-old 

    mechanic," actually says "the 52-year-old mechanic." The woman, of course, was watching the story and 

    quickly calls your station. "You idiots," she yells. "You have just added twenty years to my age. I'm totally 

    embarrassed. My friends will make fun of me. People will think I've been lying about my age. How 

    humiliating! You should have been more careful. I'm going to sue your station for libel." Does she have a 

    case?

8. Your station has broadcast an investigative report about a local nightclub. In the report a police detective 

    described the club as a "sleazy bar" where you could get just about anything, including "drugs, sex, and 

    contract murders." You report also shows an interior shot of this club with a nude female dancer in the 

    background. Although you electronically mask the more private parts of her body, her face is clearly seen in 

    the report. After the segment has aired, the female dancer sues the station for invasion of privacy citing the 

    public disclosure of her private life as a reason. She states that her friends and classmates at college 

    discovered from the report that she was a nude dancer and that this fact has irreparably damaged her 

    reputation. Does she ha e case?

9. The manager of a local ad agency wants to introduce a new TV campaign for Very Berry Soda Pop on your 

    station. You watch a few TV ads and all of the ads emphasize the fact that Very Berry contains natural fruit 

     juices. Curious, you ask the ad executive just how much natural fruit juice is in every serving. The executive 

     replies that every eight-ounce serving has exactly six drops of natural juice. The ad executive goes on to 

     say that a version with 10 percent real juice tasted awful so they dropped it but kept the natural fruit juice 

     campaign because market research suggested this was what consumers wanted. In any case, argues the 

     exec, the ads are true; the product does contain real fruit juice. What's your reaction?

10. The TV ad campaign for new Cher Shampoo states that the product will "work miracles for your hair" and 

       make it "look like it's never looked before." Do you think Cher needs some evidence to substantiate these 

       claims?

11. Your city has a personal income tax. You discover that at its next meeting the city council plans to pass an 

      ordinance doubling the amount of the tax. In the interests of the people of your community, you plan to go on 

      the air with an editorial condemning the expected action of the  Council. However, to be completely fair, you 

      get in touch with each member of the Council separately, tell him of your plan to editorialize, and invite him 

      to appear on your station at any time convenient to him to uphold the proposed action. None of the 

      members will appear--nor are you able to find any other citizen in town willing to go on the air to take issue 

      with your editorial stand. On this basis of FCC positions regarding editorializing, would you broadcast the 

      editorial anyway?

12. "All and "B" are qualified candidates for the same office. You have a strong feeling that "All is the better 

      person for the office. Consequently, you air an editorial urging listeners to vote for him. Candidate "B" 

      comes to you and demands equal time to reply to your editorial, and wishes to appear in person. On the 

      basis of applicable law, regulations, opinions of courts or the FCC, are you within your rights to refuse to 

      allow "B" to appeal over your facilities assuming that "All himself has never purchased or been given time 

      on your station?

13. Bergner's department store in Bloomington/Normal, wishes to present a  weekly 30-minute program on y

       our TV station, one feature of which will be a "drawing" of a name from a container; the person whose name 

       is drawn receives a merchandise certificate for $500, which can be used at the sponsor's store. Each 

       person who visits the store is given three entry blanks, whether any purchase is made or not; they can write 

       their own name on all three blanks, or use two of the three for names of friends or relatives; the blanks 

       bearing the names are placed in a receptacle from which the winning name is to be drawn. If you felt that 

       the program had entertainment values that were un6sually high, would you sell time for the program, 

       including this drawing feature?

14. Ralph Black has been taken into custody by the police and charged with attempted murder. A news 

       reporter photographs Black, handcuffed, being taken to jail. After the trial, Black, who is acquitted, brings 

       suit against your station charging invasion of his privacy. On the basis of applicable past decisions, is 

       there a probability he will win his suit?

15. A company submits advertising copy for broadcast over your station for a new product developed in the 

      experimental laboratories of, and endorsed by the medical school of a major state university. The 

      product is a reducing agent; the advertising copy submitted states that 95 of every 100 people using the 

      product are able to lose from six to eight pounds per week for a period of four weeks, without appreciable 

      reduction in the amount of food consumed; it also states that the preparation is guaranteed as absolutely 

      harmless to the users. Would you accept the advertising for broadcast over your station?

COM 364    Broadcast Management

Date:

Name:    ____________________   _______________________  ____________________

Case #   Answer(Yes or No)      _______________________________________________

Case 1   ____________________   ____________________________________________

Case 2   ____________________   ____________________________________________

Case 3   ____________________   ____________________________________________

Case 4   ____________________   ____________________________________________

Case 5   ____________________   ____________________________________________

Case 6   ____________________   ____________________________________________

Case 7   ____________________   ____________________________________________

Case 8   ____________________   ____________________________________________

Case 9   ____________________   ____________________________________________

Case 10  ____________________   ____________________________________________

Case 11  ____________________   ____________________________________________

Case 12  ____________________   ____________________________________________

Case 13  ____________________   ____________________________________________

Case 14  ____________________   ____________________________________________

Case 15  ____________________   ____________________________________________

What they're rating

Station              AQH             CUME             RATING           SHARE

WBNQ-FM 101.5

Top 40

Spring '96          2,400           42,800             2.0              13.3

Spring '95          2,200           41,200             1.9              13.3

Spring '94          2,400           45,300             2.1              13.4

WBWN-FM 104

Country

Spring '96         34,000           35,900             2.9              18.9

Spring '95         23,000           28,000             2.0              13.9

Spring '94         26,000           28,600             2.3              14.5

WIHN-FM 97

Rock

Spring '96         17,000           24,900             1.5               9.4

Spring '95          9,000           18,400              .8               5.5

Spring '94         14,000           22,100             1.2               7.8

WJBC-AM 1230

Full Service

Spring '96         32,000           36,600             2.7              17.8

Spring '95         38,000           39,000             3.3              23.0

Spring '94         39,000           41,400             3.4              21.8

The AQH is how many people are listening to a station during any particular 15-minute period.

The CUME is how many total listeners are listening during the week.

The RATING is the percent of the total survey population listening at any particular 15-minute period.

The SHARE is the percent of the radio-listening audience that is listening to a particular.

Thus, number for WBWN indicate that 3,400 people are listening to the station during any particular 15-minute 

period and that 35,800 listen each week. Also, 2.9 percent of the total McLean County population 12 and older 

is listening to WBWN at any particular 15-minute period, and 18.9 percent of those people are listening to the 

radio are listening to WBWN.

The numbers, from the Spring 1996 Arbitron survey, are estimates for the survey group of people 12 years 

and older for the period of 6 a.m to midnight Monday through Sunday.

PRIMETIME PROGRAMMING STRATEGY

1. Counter Programming: The act of scheduling competitive programs that appeal to a large target 

     audience that differs from that committed to the dominant show.

2. Blockbuster: Special programs or big-name films that attract a lot of attention and interrupt normal 

     scheduling; used specially during sweeps to draw unusually large audiences; usually exceed 60 

     minutes in length.

3. Block Programming: A programming strategy that airs specific shows (or types of shows) during 

     specific time blocks. Thus, a viewer of listener must wait for a specific program or programmatic 

     genre rather than seeing/hearing the same program type at any time of day.

4. Cluster Programming: The act of scheduling, put similar type of programs together to attract more 

     audience. It is based on psychographic information of audience program preferences.

5. Lead-in Programming: Program preceding others, usually intended to increase    audience flow to the 

     later programs.

6. Hammock: Positioning a weak program between two successful programs; they    support a new, untested 

     or less successful program by lending their audience to it.

7. Tent-Poling: Placing a highly rated program between two series with lower ratings (often new programs); 

     intended to prop up the ratings of the preceding and following programs.

8. Bridging: Beginning a program a half-hour earlier than competing programs to draw their audiences and

     hold them past the starting time of the competing programs.

9. Stunting: Seeking to keep the opposing networks off balance in the short term by such stratagems as 

     making rapid schedule changes, opening a new series with an extra-long episode, and interrupting regular 

     programming frequently with heavily promoted special programs.

10. Series Clones and Spin-off: A clone program closely imitates an already popular program, changing 

       only the stars and minor details of plot.

11. Power Programming: competition between two or more expensive, popular shows that ultimately will 

       split a very large potential audience.

12. Bimodal Appeal: Programming tend to attract demographic bimodality.

Cable Television (Case Study pp. 263-264)

Revenue:               90% Subscription Fees & PPV

                                  9% Installation and rental charges

                                  1% Local Ads revenues

Projected Revenue: 200,000 Households (HH)

             Minimum 60% penetration (subscribers) 

             Maximum 80% penetration (subscribers)

                              Minimum                        Maximum
Basic Fee:        $10 x 120,000 HH ($1,200,000)         160,000 HH ($1.6M)

Pay-TV:           $10 x 36,000 HH ($360,000)             48,000 HH ($480,000)
                  (30% of the total subscriber)

Converter Rent:   $3 x 60,OOOHH ($180,000)               80,000 HH ($240,000)
                  (50% of the TS: Basic Plus)
                  Manual Converter $3
                  Remote Converter $4

Installation:     $25 x 1,200 HH ($30,000)                1,600 HH ($40,000)
                  (1% increase)

PPV:              $5 x 12,000 HH ($60,000)               16,000 HH ($80,000)
                  (10% of the TS)

Local Ads:        $1,830,000 x 10% ($183,000)            $244,000
                  (1% of the total revenue)

Total Revenue (month):          $2,013,000                  $2,684,000

Total Revenue (year):          $24,156,000                 $32,208,000

First 5 years (0% increase):  $120,780,GOO                $161,040,000

Second 5 years (5% increase): $126,819,000                $169,092,000

Third 5 years (5% increase):  $133,159,950                $177,546,600

Total Revenue (15 years):     $380,758,950                $507,678,600

Expense:  30% Carriage Fee (Programming)

                   10% Franchise Fees and Telephone Pole rentals

                   20% Service and labor (Cable and Equipment Maintenance)

                   40% General administration (Management) & Net Revenue

Cabling Fee: $300,000 per mile (underground cabling in metropolitan area)

                        $100,000 per mile (telephone pole in city)

                          $10,000 per mile (telephone pole in town)

Game shows - 1991 Availabilities

Soap Operas--1991 Availabilities

First-Run Network Programs

Current Off-Network Reruns

Current First-Run Programs

Music Show - 1991 Availability

Reality Shows - 1991  Availabilities
Current First-Run Programs

Current/Future Off-Network Reruns

Children's Live Action

First-Run Weekly Half-Hours

Top Saturday morning shows for Aug. 15

Source: Figures compiled from Nielson Media Research data

Sports Shows-1991 Availability

1992 Projected Off-,Network Availabilities
(Based on 4-Year Network Play)

1993 Projected Off-Network Availabilities
(Based on 4-Year Network Play)

News Magazines-1991 AvallabIlitles
Current First-Run Programs

News Wars

                                      TEAM INSTRUCTIONS FOR NBC CABLE

                    (A Division of National Broadcasting Company/General Electric Corporation)

Corporate Focus-General Electric will only operate businesses that are number one or number two In their 

global markets-and are of the scale and potential appropriate to a $50 billion enterprise.

Organization-NBC Cable Is a new division, created to manage NBC's varied cable activities, which Include 

more than 15 regional channels/ cable services.

Staff-NBC Cable Is a 1ean and mean* group, with less than 500 employees In total. We can use any of the

facilities of NBC, and draw on NBC talent whenever we have a need. However, these costs are charged 

against our budget, and you need to know what the revenue potential is before putting together expensive 

resources.

News and Information Products-NBC Cable operates CNBC, the consumer news and business channel, 

a 24-hour consumer-oriented business news program 'Service with more than 20 million subscribers. NBC 

also operates a number of regional news and information services, the most successful of which is the joint 

venture with Cablevision Systems Corporation serving the Long Island region.

Biggest Product Opportunity/Challenge-Developing regional news services, partnering with cable operators 

or affiliates, and thus competing directly with both local and national cable services.

Major Example of Success-The Long Island regional news service. The problem is finding other markets like 

Long Island-highly populated regional areas near major metropolitan areas.

Budget-Approximately $80 million, of this $30 million is negative cash flow (see Investment on page 2).

Investment-Current investment is the negative cash flow of $20430 million annually, covered by the NBC 

operating budget. Future investment by General Electric may be necessary, but could only be justified when 

there are clear return-on-Investment studies which demonstrate profit potential.

Cash Position-Limited cash availability at the NBC operating budget

level, maximum of $30 million negative cash outflow. General Electric has a substantial cash position, but 

investment must be carefully justified.

Costs of Mounting Regional News Operation-Approximately $10 million annually to put together a first-class 

regional news service.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

@ 1990 by THE INTEREP RADIO STORE UNIVERSITY. Ali rights reserved. This material was prepared by Dr. George H, Utwin, 

Dr. Kathleen Lusk Brooke, and Ms. Marilynn G. Burmeister as a basis for the competitive business simulation. It is drawn from 

interviews with knowledgeable people in the field and, in Large part, represents their opinion and the authors' interpretation of the 

various IntDiview transcripts. The material does not represent in any way the current views or positions of the actual organizations 

Involved, No implications or inferences regarding the actual company or its management should be drawn from this material

Position of NBC Cable

Over the past two years, NBC has been quite aggressive in entering the cable business. NBC announced the 

formation of CNBC in 1988, and has been active in developing this specialized news and information service. 

NBC has entered into a major cable programming venture with Cablevision Systems Corporation, under 

which NBC has obtained 50% of Cablevision's interest in nine programming services, including Sports 

Channel America, a new national cable service that NBC will help develop and manage, and the regional 

news services such as the one serving the Long Island region.

NBC Cable is an entrepreneurial unit in a giant, global corporation. Within the family of General Electric 

businesses, NBC Cable is a small and unproven entity.

The corporate focus, as expressed by Jack Welch, is to be the number one or number two company in 

any market.

This corporate challenge provides a very heady atmosphere for NBC Cable. In fact, NBC Cable is a 

relative newcomer in the cable industry, and may be years away from profitable operation. NBC Cable has 

not demonstrated that it can be the number one or two business in its market, or that such a business will be 

of the size and importance for General Electric to continue ownership.

Thus, one of the fundamental concerns has to be justifying our existence within NBC/General Electric. There is 

no question but that we want to be seen as a "comer," as an organization capable of growth and profitability. 

While we are a negative cash flow company today, we want to demonstrate that we know what the business is 

all about, and that we will be a profitable business long into the 21 century.

It's important that NBC Cable stand for something that Jack Welch can remember, that General Electric can 

hold up with pride in its array of businesses. An important focus for us is being a regional source of news, 

sports and business information. It can be argued that entertainment is a national or global market. But news, 

sports and information are highly regional in character, and we can be number one or two in the regional 

businesses that will grow up throughout the U.S., and throughout the world.


The Challenge: Creating a Profitable Regional News Channel

While we have made regional news and information a key part of our strategy, we are having a difficult time 

demonstrating that such operations can be profitable. Our Long Island news service, which has achieved 

perhaps no more than a I share, costs us $10 million annually to operate.

To date, we have not yet made a profit on this operation, and it is the most successful one we have. We need to 

consider more effective packaging and marketing of this service to advertisers. It is a good way to reach a very 

specialized market-that person Interested in up-to-date information, particularly with regard to consumer and

business matters. This means we ought to be able to tie our programming directly into the Interests of business 

people and advertisers. We should consider broadcasting from their locations, or getting them to help us with our 

programming.

By getting their involvement and commitment, we can be assured of their continued financial support. It's no 

longer a matter of just selling "spots," we need to have advertiser involvement and action commitment. We need 

to work together with our advertisers/sponsors/business partners.

Beyond Long Island, we need to identify throughout the United States those regions where there is a substantial 

opportunity for a regional news and information service. These need to be quite highly populated areas (such 

as Long Island) and if possible, near a major market so there is some service to the people in that market which 

can be demonstrated.

President of NBC Cable has asked for a specific list of the most likely regions to introduce the regional news 

service in the early 1990s. The development of this "key regional opportunities" list is a major priority for the 

management group.

Demonstrating Excellence in Business and Financial Planning

Because NBC Cable is a small unit in a very large corporation, we need to put our very best foot forward. 

All of our business and financial planning needs to be .a demonstration of excellence." We should have very 

clear explanations of what we are talking about, because our audience might not know anything about 

broadcasting. We should have very simple numbers, and drop the small detail. The audience we are 

presenting to within NBC/GE looks for the overall risk and profit potential. We need to be sure we're clear 

about these matters, and can stand up to tough questioning from Jack Welch or any one else.

One important aspect of our business plan should be our financial awareness. Since we are In a situation of 

generating approximately $30 million of negative cash flow annually, we need to demonstrate that we are aware of 

this expenditure, consider it a meaningful and astute investment, and are capable of managing this investment to a 

successful return. Our financial plans should be clear with regard to the investment being made, and the potential 

over the long haul.

All of our financial plans should take us on into the 21st century. General Electric is not a short-term dented 

company, but rather a corporation capable of thinking globally while acting locally. We need to support our 

financial plans with long-term estimates of return on Investment relative to other kinds of returns General Electric 

might be experiencing.

While General Electric has historically been able to generate 20% or more return on equity, its performance In 

recent years has not always measured up to this standard. We need to demonstrate that we understand General 

Electric's concern with return to historic levels of return on equity, and that we are a leader in creating such future 

plans.

Business Issues

1. Develop a viable business plan for a regional news service, such as that offered in the partnership with 

    Cablevision in Long Island, one which can be multiplied to other regional markets.

2. Develop a list of high opportunity regional markets, markets where NBC Cable can enter a news and 

    information service with a reasonable chance of profitable return within three years,

3. Develop specific financial plans showing the value of the current investment, and the likely return on this 

    investment over the long term  (through 2005).

News Wars

                          GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

Purpose of the News Wars Simulation

News Wars Is a competitive business simulation in which you will play the role of a media executive, faced with a 

wide array of decisions regarding your strategic future,

The purposes of the News Wars simulation are:

      * To put you in the realistic situations that face media executives today, so that you can better understand the 

         issues, dilemmas and obstacles such people face;

      * To identify as a team those media strategies which you believe will be most successful in the 1990s, that is, 

         will capture the largest market share; and

      * To participate in and analyze the kinds of business planning that will be needed to make sound media 

        strategies attractive to investors and bankers, so that adequate financial resources will be allocated to 

        media executives with strategic responsibilities.

The above purposes are relevant to the role of teacher, or to the role of media executive. We want our 

broadcasting professors to be fully acquainted with the realities facing today's media executives. For our media 

executives, it has become increasingly important to sit back and gain a broader perspective on the industry, 

and to share this perspective with others.

Business Teams

Each team of participants will form a business team, representing one of the major players in the news wars of 

today. The teams for the competitive business simulation will represent:

       • CBS News (A division of CBS, Inc.)

       • ABC News (A division of CapitalCities/ABC, Inc.)

       • NBC Cable (A division of NBC/General Electric Company)

       • FOX Broadcasting (A division of The News Corporation Limited)

       • CNN (A division of TNT/Turner Broadcasting Systems, Inc.

There will be ton teams in total with two teams representing each of the organizations above. Background 

information and instructions will be provided to your business team. This information is based on recent interviews 

with industry leaders, but represents their opinions only. No actual representation has been made by the 

companies that these facts are essentially true. Rather, they provide a reasonable and realistic perspective from 

which each business team can operate.

Definition of Team Task

The team task is to develop a media strategy and business plan that will succeed in the electronic news 

marketplace of the 1990s. Specifically, the strategy and business plan should contain:

        * A description Of the marketplace, and the major competitors;

        * An outline of the media strategy, along with the expected market share that can be gained;

        * A description of the human resources that will be required, and of the costs involved; and

        * Identification of the financial implications, and evaluation of the attractiveness of this business to investors 

          or bankers.

Assignment of Individual Roles

In order to accomplish the team task within the timeframe for the simulation. we suggest a "divide and conquer" 

approach, where team members assume certain roles and responsibilities. Thus, within each business team, 

we suggest that the following roles might be assigned:

Since each team will have more than five team members. some of the roles will be shared. However, you should 

not feel constrained by these roles. You do not need to fill all of these roles; you could combine two roles into one 

if you felt that would suit your team's needs and available resources. Or you could create additional roles that 

aren't mentioned, Team members should define their roles in a way that is suitable to them and that best 

contributes to the overall effectiveness of the team.

During the simulation (at approximately 2:30 p.m.), we will ask your team to participate in a 5-minute video i

nterview regarding your team strategy. You will need to select a spokesperson for this video interview. While the 

spokesperson might be the Chairperson/General Manager, another spokesperson could be designated. The 

team should select the spokesperson who is best able to articulate the strategy which the majority of the team 

believes is right and will succeed.

From approximately 3:00 p.m. to 4:00 p.m., teams will present their detailed media strategy and business plan in 

the opening round of presentations. This will involve presentation and discussion by the two teams representing

the same business firm. Each of the teams will be given 15 minutes to present its plan followed by 15 minutes of 

feedback from the other team. This process will be facilitated by a member of the simulation development 

group acting as an impartial party.

Immediately following this opening round of presentations, there will be a formal 30-minute break for participants. 

During this time the facilitators and the judges will confer with one another regarding the video interviews and the 

initial presentations for the purpose of selecting three finalists in the competition.

At approximately 4:30 p.m., the entire group will reconvene in the main room for an announcement by the judges of 

the three teams that have made it to the finals.

The three finalists will be those who, in the opinion of the IRTS Judging Panel, have the most exciting and realistic 

media strategy, and the most effective business plan to support this strategy. Specifically, the IRTS 

Judging Panel will look at:

      • The soundness, creativity and overall impact of the media strategy selected;

      • The attractiveness of the proposed strategy and plan to investors and bankers, and the likelihood of 

         obtaining adequate financial resources; and

      • The realism of human resource plans including specification of needs, recruitment, training and utilization.

The three finalists will present their business plans to the entire group. The audience will have an opportunity to 

vote on the final presentations by casting a ballot at the close of the session. Final results of the balloting 

will be announced at dinner.

THE WESTCOM CONSULTING PROJECT

                        Case Study Competition

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

As a telecommunications specialist working for the WestCom Group, you are part of a consulting team that has 

been brought in to analyze the management and organization of Company X . You have been given the task of 

analyzing the organization in terms of its

       1. 11istorical Overview
       2. Organizational Structure
       3. Business Operations (product line or programming services)
       4. Financial Performance
       5. Strategic Planning Issues

Each project team will be divided into 5 members. Based upon your assessment, your consulting group has 

been asked to present their finding to a special meeting of company Board of Directors in Bloomington/Normal 

on Saturday, April 11 at 2:00 PM.

PROJECT ANALYSIS

The case study analysis is to be divided into five parts, including the following:

I. Historical Overview

should provide a brief historical look at the company. There are two ways that you can approach this. You can 

either provide an historical overview of the company as a whole (i.e. the Walt Disney Company) or you may limit 

this historical review to one respect of the company's product line (i.e. ESPN). If you choose the latter approach, 

you still need to provide some background information on the Walt Disney Company. The project emphasis, 

however, will be on how ESPN fits into the overall strategic plan of the Walt Disney Company.

For the purpose of this project assignment, however, keep the historical overview simple and to the point.

II. Organizational Structure

should include major divisions and/or reporting lines. It is helpful to use an organizational chart if the company is 

highly complex. For the purpose of this exercise, do not spend time identifying the names of senior executives 

unless such people factor directly into your assessment.

III. Business Operation: Current Products or Services

should contain information pertaining to the company's business philosophy and operating approach. In addition, 

you should look at how it affects the production or manufacture of a particular program service or product. Specific 

attention should be given to analyzing and describing the major business (or program services) that are part of 

the company's operational plan.

In the case of transnational media corporations such as Time Warner, it may be better to limit yourself to one or 

two subsidiaries, such as Home Box Office, Inc., Cable News Network, Publications etc.

IV. Financial Performance

Please provide the management with some information related to the company's financial performance during 

the past three-five years. The significance is to spot emerging trends and patterns in terms of how the company is 

performing.

(The value to study is that they start learning how to read a company's annual report including such information as 

an income statement as well as a balance sheet).

Depending on the size and scope of the operation, you can also look at such other financial indicators as:

       1. Revenues and net income during the past 3-5 years.
       2. Revenues by business segments (or divisions).
       3. Revenues by regional, national, or international geographic locations.

The aforementioned information is standard information contained in the company's annual report and securities 

exchange I OK filings. You may want to consider using the consolidated income statement and graphic displays 

where appropriate.

V. Strategic Planning Issues (Discussion)

What are the major goals and objectives for the company during the next three to five years? What ate the major 

challenges facing the company? There are a number of different external factors that can affect your company's 

strategic plan, including:

       1. Competitive Factors
       2. Political / Regulatory Factors
       3. Economic Factors
       4. Technological Factors
       5. Sociocultural Factors

Please note that not all of the aforementioned factors are equally valid when analyzing your company's strategic 

plan.

   1. Competitive Factors

The competition may have designed a new or repositioned programming service (or product) that competes 

directly with your company's program service.

Examples:

        ESPN vs. new cable sports networks and programming services (i.e. Fox Sports, Pass, Classic Sports 

        Channel etc.)

        PBS vs. competitive cable networks such as the A&E Channel, the Discovery Channel etc.

   2. Political/Regulatory Factors

are the political and regulatory factors that can influence the sale and distribution of your company's products and 

services. This can happen both domestically as well as internationally.

Examples:
       1. Modification of Final Judgment, (AT&T Divestiture)
       2. Retransmission Consent
       3. Broadcast/cable crossownership and the Telecommunications Act of 1996
       4. The European Union and international program quotas (i.e. trade barriers)

   3. Economic Factors

are marketplace conditions that can help or adversely affect your company's ability to market and sell their 

product

Examples:
       1. spiraling inflation
       2. economic recession (i.e. problems in southeast Asia etc., devaluation of currency etc.)
       3. Barriers to entry
       4. Natural monopolies and/or government owned telecommunications facilities
       5. Natural calamity

   4. Technological Factors 

are advancements in new technologies or product substitutes that can help or adversely affect your strategic 

planning efforts.

Examples:
       1. The development of PPV television versus video rentals
       2. The development of DBS television that may adversely your ability to market and sell cable television
       3. The conversation to advanced digital television and your company's ability to get cable operators to 

           commit the necessary bandwidth or channel allocation.

   5. Sociocultural Factors

are social/cultural changes in the consumer's buying habits, product usage etc. 

Examples:
       1. Consumer reaction to music and television violence
       2. Issues of privacy and security and the ability to promote electronic commerce on the Internet

Discussion

       1. What is your overall assessment of the company's long term growth and their to implement 

         their strategic plans?

     2. What recommendations can you offer that may assist your company to better implement 

         their goals and objectives, taking into consideration the aforementioned eternal factors 

         that may affect their strategic plan?

RESEARCH STRATEGIES

Please note that being a consultant is very much like being a detective. There is no one right way for obtaining 

information. Rather, it's a matter of applying correct strategies. Your group needs to find some of the following 

materials and services.

    1. annual reports and I OK filings
    2. PR material supplied by the company's public relations dept.
    3. corporate web sites via the Internet
    4. recent articles in trade, business and academic publications
    5. an opportunity to interview a few members of corporate management at the organization under investigation
    6. trend analysis and information obtained from financial analysts and/or industry trade organizations 

        (i.e. NAB, NCTA, ICA etc.)
    7. financial and industry information can be found at:

Remember, your presentation is only as good as the material you work with and your own powers of observation 

and analysis. The company's Board of Directions will evaluate your presentation based on two factors:

    1. Content your level of analysis and depth
    2. Technical execution how well it is presented

Selected Companies

Your group will be asked to investigate one of the following three companies:

       AOL/Time Warner Inc.

     NewsCorp./Fox/Vahoo

     ATT/TCI

Team 1:   _________________________________

                  _________________________________

                  _________________________________

                  _________________________________

                  _________________________________

Team 2:   _________________________________

                  _________________________________

                  _________________________________

                  _________________________________

                 _________________________________

Team 3:   _________________________________

                  _________________________________

                  _________________________________

                  _________________________________

                  _________________________________

COMMUNICATION 364   BROADCAST MANAGEMENT
STUDY GUIDE EXAM I (Spring)

Book Chapters: 1, 2, 3, and 5

     Chapter 1: Evolution of Management Thought (The Classical School and The Behavioral School, Modern 

                          Management Science & Thought, Management Functions, and Management Roles & Skills.
     Chapter 2: Financial Management (The accounting function, Cost controls, and Monitoring financial progress).
     Chapter 3: Personnel Management (The functions of personnel management, Personnel management and 

                          trade unions, and Personnel management and the law).
     Chapter 5: Broadcast Sales (Sales Department, GSM, Times Sales, Research and Sales). 

Lectures & Course Packet: 

Key Terms (Lectures): Broadcast & Cable Management, Introduction to broadcast/cable organization, 

Communication Process, Noise, Communication Network, Characteristics of electronic media organization 

(Message processing System, People System, Cultural Value System, Goal-oriented System, and Changing 

system), Win-lose strategy, Lose-lose strategy, Win-win strategy, Factors affecting R/TV/Cable management, 

Perspectives on the Organizing process, The Classical Theory (Bureaucracy Model, Administrative Model, and 

Scientific Management Model), The Human Relation Theory of Social organization, The Social-systems model of 

organization, Weick's Model of Organization, The Organizational-culture theory, The classical school, The 

behavioral school, Financial management, Accounting function, Planning and Control Mechanism, Balance sheet, 

Assets, liabilities, Equity, the Basic Accounting Equation, Income Statement, Financial records, Balance sheet, 

Personnel Management, Conflicts Management, Staffing, Planning, Recruitment, Training & Development, 

Employee benefit, Conflict management, Conflict Identification, Intrapersonal conflict, Interpersonal conflict, 

Intragroup conflict, Intergroup conflict, Steps involved in implementing MBO, Advantages and Disadvantages of 

MBO, Theories of personal management (Theory X, Theory Y, and Theory Z), Equal Employment Opportunity 

(EEO), Affirmative Action (AA),The 1986 Supreme Court Decision, FCC's EEO program (FCC R & R Sec. 73.0280), 

EEO policies in 10 areas, FCC EEO Model in 10 areas, FCC Guideline (minimum), Employment survey (FCC 

395-B Form and FCC 396 Form), FCC' Enforcement of Power, Broadcast sales,  Local sales, National/regional, f

unctions of the sales dept., Basic organizational chart of the sales dept., General sales manager, account 

executive, agency commissions, National /regional sales manager, Sales traffic manager, Sales presentation, 

Spot market, Network national sponsorship, Barter/tradeout, Barter syndication, Station representatives, Local 

sales manager, Factors affecting rate card, Fixed basis, Semi-fixed basis, Preemptible basis, Rotations (Ads), 

ROS, BTA, Co-op, MSA, Grid card, advertising, Piggyback ads. 

Bring your calculator!

COMMUNICATION 364 BROADCAST & CABLE MANAGEMENT
STUDY GUIDE (Final Exam)

Exam Date:

Book Chapters: 4, 6, 7, and 8
     Chapter 4: Broadcast Programming
     Chapter 6: Broadcast Promotion and Marketing
     Chapter 7: Broadcast Regulations
     Chapter 8: Managing The Cable Television System

Lectures & Course Packet:

Key Terms: Promotion/Campaign director, Promotion/Campaign plan, Station's promotional goals & techniques, 

Station Campaign Manager, Creative services), Audience promotion, Station promotion, Public relations, Publicity, 

Sales promotion, Image Retention, Promotion/Campaign in Practice (Steps), Fact finding research, Promotion 

method, Press kits, Audience promotion, Station's Image Responsibilities, Organization of Cable television 

system, CATV, Cable Economics, Program Supplier, Cable Headend, Cable Communications Policy Act of 

1981, Basic/Premium Cable, Cable Television Programming, Cable Bill (S. 12), Cable Franchise Process, MSO, 

and SSO, The Program Department, Programming the Network Affiliation, Programming the Independent Station, 

Programming and the Community, Program Sources, Programming Strategies (Radio and Television), 

Programming Factors, Broadcast Regulations, The Regulatory Nexus, FCC, FTC, Obscene and Indecent 

Programming, Lotteries and Deceptive Advertising, FCC' Enforcement of Power (Simple letter, Cease-and-desist 

order, Forfeitures, Short-term Renewals, Renewal Denials and Revocation), Equal Time Provision, PTAR, 

Fairness Doctrine, Copyright (The U.S. Supreme Court Decision of 1984), Personal Attack Rule, Invasion of 

Privacy, Censorship, Deregulation of 1981, Privacy Protection Act 1981, False Advertising, Station Identification, 

Minimum Operating Schedule, Political Editorials, Affiliation Agreements, Defamation, False Advertising, VOD,' 

VDT, Must-carry Rule, Retransmission Consent, and Information Superhighway, and Telecommunication Act of 

1996.

Bring your calculator!

COM 364 Broadcasting/Cable Management

Looking for a Job? Check out these web sites.

Job and Internship Announcement

    Time Warner Job List (www.timewarner.com/corp/career/index.html) 

     Cox Communications Job List (www.cox.com/coxcareer/search.asp) 

     AT&T/TCI Job List (jobs.attbis.com/jobsearch) 

     Comcast Job List (www.comeast.com) 

     Disney Job List (www.disney.go.com/disneycareers/search.html) 

     Katz Media Job List (www.katz-media.com) 

     Arbitron Job List (www.arbitron.com) 

     Scarborough Job List (www.searborough.com) 

     JuniorNet.Com Job List (www.juniornet.com) 

     WJXT Job List (www.wjxt.com) 

     NATPE Job List (www.natpe.com) 

     General Broadcasting Job List (www.tvjobs.com) 

     Job Postings on UltimateTV.Com (www.ultimatetv.com) 

     CNN Job Info (www.enn.com) 

     CNN News Group Info 

     CNN Internship Info

Career Web Sites (Check them out!!!)

    http://careermosaic.com/ 

     http://monster.com/ 

     http://www.careerpath.com/service/cp/EndUser/Homepage 

     http://jobdirect.com/ 

     http://coolworks.com/ 

     http://nationjob.com/ 

     http://wwwjoboptions.com/esp/plsql/espan_enter.espan_home 

     http://careerbuilder.com/

NAB-BEA CAREER FAIR
CONFIRMED BROADCAST RECRUITERS

BROADCASTERS